Cassata data file
2.0
XNentrows 25 Xmodelname untitled modelnotes {Date: September 2004.  Analyst: Iain Connell.  All London Underground stations have at least one of each of two types of ticket machine.  The two machines are the smaller FFM (Few Fare Machine) and the larger MFM (Multi-Fare Machine).  The FFM has remained largely unchanged since installation in the late 1980s; the MFM's original hard button array was replaced in 2000-2001 by a touch screen interface.  This analysis concerns the MFM (and FFM) interface as it was in Autumn 2002.NEWLINENEWLINE} XfontSize 9 Nrlncols 8 saved true XNrlnrows 10 Nentrows 40 filename C:/Iain/CASSATA/TVMs/TVMs.csm cellChanged true modelname {London Underground Ticket Machines} Xmodelnotes {} fontSize 9 Nrlnrows 11 Nentcols 8
39,0 E 18,3 present 39,1 {} 18,4 present 39,2 {} 18,5 fixed 39,3 {} 18,6 fixed 39,4 {} 18,7 {1 to 6 and (for Metropolitan Line) A to D} 39,5 {} 39,6 {} 39,7 {} 15,0 A 15,1 Name 15,2 present 36,0 E 15,3 absent 36,1 {} 15,4 absent 36,2 {} 15,5 fixed 36,3 {} 15,6 fixed 36,4 {} 15,7 {Though essential for navigation, the names of tube lines do not appear on the TVM interfaces} 36,5 {} 36,6 {} 36,7 {} 12,0 A 12,1 {Payment method} 12,2 present 33,0 A 12,3 difficult 33,1 (Dis)ability 12,4 present 33,2 present 12,5 fixed 33,3 absent 12,6 fixed 33,4 absent 12,7 {Counter, ticket machine, internet.  } 33,5 cant 33,6 cant 33,7 {The London Underground is accessible to wheelchair users only at a few older stations and on the Jubilee Line Extension.} 7,0 A 7,1 {Date of issue} 7,2 present 7,3 difficult 29,0 A 30,0 A 7,4 present 29,1 Line(s) 30,1 {Means of travel} 7,5 fixed 29,2 present 30,2 present 7,6 fixed 29,3 absent 30,3 difficult 7,7 {Date and time of issue is normally the same as purchase} 29,4 absent 30,4 present 29,5 fixed 30,5 fixed 29,6 fixed 30,6 fixed 29,7 {Lines used on a journey are essential for navigation, but play no part in ticketing} 30,7 {Underground train, overground train, DLR, bus, tram.  Travelcards allow all-means travel.} 4,0 A 4,1 {Open/closed status} 4,2 present 4,3 difficult 26,0 A 4,4 present 26,1 {Destination station} 4,5 fixed 26,2 present 4,6 cant 26,3 difficult 4,7 {Open/closed status is also hard to discern, and the user has no influence over it.} 26,4 present 26,5 hard 26,6 cant 26,7 {The FFM does not allow selection of particular stations, and doing so on the MFM is a lengthier process than zone destinations} 1,0 A 1,1 {Machine type} 1,2 difficult 1,3 present 23,0 A 1,4 present 23,1 {Time of travel} 1,5 bySys 23,2 present 1,6 bySys 23,3 difficult 1,7 {There are three types of machine: FFM (Few Fare Machine), MFM (Multi-Fare Machine) and QB (Queue-Buster).  Choice of which machine to use under which circumstances (e.g. stations/zones served, payment methods accepted) is not a trivial issue.} 23,4 present 23,5 hard 23,6 cant 23,7 {The transition from peak to off-peak pricing is not shown on either machine interface} 19,0 A 20,0 E 19,1 {Stations enclosed} 20,1 Journey 19,2 present 20,2 present 19,3 absent 20,3 difficult 19,4 present 20,4 present 19,5 fixed 20,5 hard 19,6 fixed 20,6 hard 19,7 {The zone in which destination stations fall is not shown on either machine interface (but may be on a worn and small paper map on the MFM casing).  It is only recently that tube maps showed zone boundaries, and larger maps in stations may be some distance from the machines. } 20,7 {Apart from Single or Return journeys to individual zones, specifying the end and start of a journey (even from the same station as where purchased) is not easy.   Travelcard journeys can be extended with the Single Zone Extension ticket (and now with pre-paid Oyster cards).} 16,0 A 16,1 Colour 16,2 present 37,0 E 16,3 absent 37,1 {} 16,4 absent 37,2 {} 16,5 fixed 37,3 {} 16,6 fixed 37,4 {} -1,0 {} 16,7 {Line colours do not even appear in Stations or on trains, for the most part} 37,5 {} -1,1 {entities and attributes} 37,6 {} active {The London Underground is accessible to wheelchair users only at a few older stations and on the Jubilee Line Extension.} -1,2 U 37,7 {} -1,3 I -1,4 S -1,5 s/c -1,6 c/d 13,0 E -1,7 notes 13,1 Station 13,2 present 34,0 E 13,3 present 34,1 Purchaser 13,4 present 34,2 present 13,5 fixed 34,3 present 13,6 fixed 34,4 present 13,7 {Many 'underground' stations are wholly above ground} 34,5 easy 34,6 easy 34,7 {E.g. child tickets may be purchased by an adult} 8,0 A 8,1 {Time of issue} 10,0 A 8,2 present 10,1 Price 8,3 difficult 10,2 present 31,0 E 8,4 present 10,3 present 31,1 Traveller 8,5 fixed 10,4 present 31,2 present 8,6 fixed 10,5 fixed 31,3 absent 8,7 {} 10,6 fixed 31,4 present 10,7 {Though cheaper deals can be obtained, e.g. by waiting until 9.30 am} 31,5 easy 31,6 easy 31,7 {The traveller may not be the same person as the purchaser (e.g. for family tickets).  Underground tickets are not transferrable (even though weekly and longer season tickets require photo id).} 5,0 E 5,1 Ticket 5,2 present 5,3 present 27,0 A 5,4 present 27,1 {Destination zone} 5,5 fixed 27,2 difficult 5,6 fixed 27,3 present 5,7 {Tickets can be purchases at time of travel, or (for Travelcards) in advance.  Travelcard usage is time of day dependent} 27,4 present 27,5 easy 27,6 cant 27,7 {It is much easier to select a destination zone than a particular station, and at offpeak times the MFM will sell a travalcard in place of a retrun, when it is the same price or less.  But zone maps are often some distance from the machines.} 2,0 A 2,1 {Payment method} 2,2 present 2,3 difficult 24,0 A 2,4 present 24,1 {Source station} 2,5 fixed 24,2 present 2,6 fixed 24,3 absent 2,7 {The particular payment methods which any machine accepts is not easy to discern.  (FFM is coins only; MFM is coins, notes or cards; QB is cards only)} 24,4 present 24,5 fixed 24,6 indirect 24,7 {The source station does not appear on either machine interface} 21,0 A 21,1 Price 21,2 present 21,3 difficult 21,4 present 21,5 fixed 21,6 fixed 21,7 {The price of a journey is not necessarily the same as that of the ticket (e.g. for returns and travelcards).  Prices per journey decrease substantially with travelcards on increased usage.} 17,0 E 17,1 Zone 17,2 difficult 38,0 E 17,3 difficult 38,1 {} 17,4 present 38,2 {} 17,5 fixed 38,3 {} 17,6 fixed 38,4 {} 17,7 {Ticket pricing is heavily dependent on Zone boundaries, which have only loose correspondence to geography.  Travelcards allow unlimited travel within specified zones.} 38,5 {} 38,6 {} 38,7 {} 14,0 E 14,1 Line 14,2 present 35,0 A 14,3 present 35,1 Age 14,4 present 35,2 present 14,5 fixed 35,3 present 14,6 fixed 35,4 present 14,7 {The lines on the 'tube map' play little part in ticketing or ticket pricing} 35,5 fixed 35,6 easy 35,7 {It is easy for an Adult to purchase a Child ticket.  Family tickets are much cheaper than combinations of Adult and Child tickets} 9,0 A 9,1 {Period of validity} 11,0 A 9,2 present 11,1 {Traveller age status} 9,3 difficult 11,2 present 32,0 A 9,4 present 11,3 difficult 32,1 {Age of Traveller} 9,5 fixed 11,4 present 32,2 present 9,6 cant 11,5 fixed 32,3 difficult 9,7 {Period of validity cannot be changed, e.g. by extending a weekly ticket for one day} 11,6 fixed 32,4 present 11,7 {Traveller age (Infant, Child, Young Person, Student, OAP, Adult) can affect price} 32,5 easy 32,6 easy 32,7 {There are insufficient checks on Adult/Child age status; Child tickets are less than half that of Adult tickets.} 6,0 A 6,1 {Ticket type} 6,2 present 6,3 difficult 28,0 A 6,4 present 28,1 {Zones crossed} 6,5 fixed 28,2 difficult 6,6 cant 28,3 absent 6,7 {The range of ticke types is complex and extensive, and not at all obvious from the machine interfaces.  Some tickets types (e.g. Family cards) are 'buried' several interface layers deep.} 28,4 present 28,5 hard 28,6 cant 28,7 {Determining the number of zones crossed for a particular journey is difficult, and not shown on the machine interfaces, for any particular journey} 3,0 A 3,1 {Payment status} 3,2 present 3,3 difficult 25,0 A 3,4 present 25,1 {Source zone} 3,5 fixed 25,2 difficult 3,6 cant 25,3 absent 3,7 {Payment status (change availability, notes acceptance, cards acceptance) is not easy to discern while at the machine (because above the user's head), and cannot be set or changed by the user.} 25,4 present 25,5 fixed 25,6 indirect 25,7 {Nor does the source zone, even though knowing which zones will be crossed on one's journey is and important part of both machine usage.} 0,0 E 0,1 {Ticket vending machine} 0,2 present 0,3 present 0,4 present 22,0 A 0,5 bySys 22,1 {Day of travel} 0,6 bySys 22,2 present 0,7 {} 22,3 difficult 22,4 present 22,5 easy 22,6 cant 22,7 {Weekday, weekend, period.  Once purchased, cannot be changed.} 18,0 A 18,1 Name 18,2 present
1,3 {Ticket.Period of validity} 5,0 5 1,4 present 5,1 Line.Name 1,5 difficult 5,2 maps_onto 1,6 present 5,3 Line.Colour 1,7 {} 9,0 9 5,4 present 11,0 {} 9,1 {} 5,5 absent 11,1 {} 9,2 {} 5,6 present 11,2 {} 9,3 {} 5,7 {} 11,3 {} 9,4 {} 11,4 {} 9,5 {} 11,5 {} 9,6 {} 11,6 {} 9,7 {} 11,7 {} 2,0 2 2,1 {Ticket.Period of validity} 2,2 affects 2,3 Journey.Price 6,0 6 2,4 present 6,1 Zone 2,5 present 6,2 consists_of 2,6 present 6,3 {Zone.Stations enclosed} 2,7 {} 6,4 difficult 12,0 {} 6,5 absent 12,1 {} 6,6 present 12,2 {} 6,7 {} 12,3 {} 12,4 {} 12,5 {} 12,6 {} 12,7 {} 3,0 3 3,1 {Ticket.Time of issue} 3,2 affects -1,0 R 3,3 Ticket.Price 7,0 7 -1,1 actor 3,4 difficult 7,1 {Journey.Time of travel} -1,2 type active {} 3,5 absent 7,2 affects -1,3 acted_on 3,6 present 7,3 Journey.Price -1,4 U 3,7 {} 7,4 difficult -1,5 I 7,5 difficult -1,6 S 7,6 present -1,7 notes 7,7 {} 0,0 0 0,1 {Ticket vending machine.Machine type} 0,2 device_constraint 0,3 {Ticket vending machine.Payment method} 0,4 present 4,0 4 0,5 difficult 4,1 {Ticket.Traveller age status} 0,6 present 4,2 affects 0,7 {} 4,3 Ticket.Price 8,0 8 4,4 present 10,0 10 8,1 {Journey.Zones crossed} 4,5 present 10,1 {} 8,2 affects 4,6 present 10,2 {} 8,3 Journey.Price 4,7 {} 10,3 {} 8,4 difficult 10,4 {} 8,5 absent 10,5 {} 8,6 present 10,6 {} 8,7 {} 10,7 {} 1,0 1 1,1 {Ticket.Ticket type} 1,2 affects